Surveying WEEDs of irrigated barley fields is one of the most important practices in WEED management. Based on cultivated areas irrigated barley in all counties of Ardabil province during six years (2000-2005), 46 sample barley fields were selected and WEED species were counted in each sampling point and population indices were calculated with Thomas method. By using specific furmula the density, frequency and uniformity of each WEED species in fields were calculated. In each field longitude, latitude and altitude were recorded by using GPS. These data were used for producing WEED maps using GIS. Results showed that Galium tricurnatum, Fumaria vaillanti and Raphanus raphanistrum were dominante broadleaf species in irrigated barley fields of Ardabil province. The dominant GRASSY WEED species in these fields were Avena fatua and Secale cereal. Convolvulus arvensis and Cirsium arvense were the most important troublesome plants prior to harvesting in irrigated barley fields of this province.

Despite the availability of nozzle types, the role of nozzle on the performance of unmanned aerial sprayer has received less attention. The study was performed in factorial as a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of factors of nozzle type (standard, anti-drift, and air induction) and nozzle orifice number (single, twin, and triplet flat fans) on the deposition of spray droplets at the target site and their drift up to a distance of 5 m from the target site and the efficacy of herbicide haloxyfop-R-methyl against volunteer barley. In all types of nozzles, with increasing the nozzle orifice number, drift increased. Except for the standard nozzle, in other nozzles types, with increasing the nozzle orifice number, the deposition of spray droplets at the target site and herbicide efficacy increased. The lowest (2. 7%) and highest (22. 5%) drift was observed with the air induction single flat fan nozzle and the standard triplet flat fan nozzle, respectively. The highest (35. 2%) and the lowest (8. 3%) deposition at the target site was observed with the air induction triplet flat fan nozzle and the standard triplet flat fan nozzle, respectively. The lowest control was observed using the standard triplet flat fan nozzle (38. 3%). The highest control of barley with haloxyfop-R-methyl was observed when the air induction twin flat fan (94. 3%) and air induction triplet flat fan (91. 7%) nozzles have been used,therefore, the selection and installation of these two nozzles on UAV, not only better WEED control is achieved, but also an effective step is taken to prevent environmental pollution.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, WEED free and WEED infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation and water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in WEED control and total WEED dry weight decreased to 341 and 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as WEED infested. Nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced WEED total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with application of nitrogen and nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory WEED control and increased grain yield.

To investigate the effect of WEED interference and WEED-free periods on Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth. in Wall) and to evaluate the critical period of WEED control (CPWC) in this oilseed crop, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in Naghadeh region in 2018. Experimental consisted of two groups of treatments; WEED infestation treatments (infestation for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 growing degree day (GDD) after transplanting and then plots were remained WEED-free the rest of the growing season) and WEED-free treatments (WEEDing for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 GDD after transplanting and then plots were remained infested until harvesting time). In each block, one WEED free and WEED infested control was for all the growing season. Results indicated that the density and dry biomass of WEEDs were increased as WEED removal was delayed. In contrast, density and dry biomass of WEEDs were decreased as WEEDs establishment was delayed. Height, tetrachenes fruits, ripened achenes, 1000-seed weight and biological, seed and relative yields of Balangu were decreased and increased as the duration of WEED-infested and WEED-free period increased, respectively. Also, logistic and Gompertz curves fitted to data showed that the beginning and end of the CPWC based on a 10% yield loss of relative yield, was estimated to be from 11 to 108 days after transplanting (97 days WEED-free period) in order to prevent a noticeable yield loss.

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to compare the physiological and functional variables between GRASSY and beach soccer players.Materials & Methods: 28 national team players of beach and GRASSY soccer were randomely selected as a sampel. Some tests such as Kankani's test for measuring aerobic power at the anaerobic thershold, Bosco's test for anaerobic power, 40 yard for velocity and Illinois for agility were done. For analyses of the data, independet t-test between the variables were used.Findings: There were no noticelabe and significant differences in the aerobic power (aerobic power at anaerobic threshold) between GRASSY and beach soccer players of the national teams (P=0.07). But there were significant differences in anaerobic power (P=0.005), velocity (P=0.35) and agilityn (P=0.005) between beach GRASSY and soccer players of the national teams.Discussion & Conclusion: There is a difference in the aerobic power, velocity, agility of the GRASSY and beach soccer players of the national teams and this may be due to the kind of activity, the structure of skill, different conditions of the field and the kind of training conditions. By drawing attention to the relation between these variables, it is expected that if one of these factors is weakened, the another one also will be affected. Furthermore, given the importance of these factors in the performance of the football players, they should be considered as essential needs in the matches.

Heliotropium curassavicum L. is a new report for the flora of Iran. It is a WEED and it has been collected in a WEEDy habitat is SW. Iran, Khuzestan province.